Chokwadi kubva kunechiremba Mukuru Gwaro Guru reDoro, Zvinodhaka, uye Utano
Nekuwedzera kwehuwandu hwevanhu vachishandisa mbanje uye chirwere chepachiyero chemishonga yekushandisa zvinodhaka zvisina kunaka, kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka kwakava dambudziko guru rehutano hwevanhu muUnited States.
Mukupindurwa kwezvinetso zvinowedzera kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka zvinotarisana nenyika, US Surgeon General Vivek H. Murthy wakabudisa mushumo wezvakaitika kare, "Kutarisa Utachiona muAmerica: Chirwere Chiremba Gwaro reDoro, Zvinodhaka, uye Utano," mune tariro yekugumisa vanhu vose utano hwehutano hwekudhakwa.
Munyaya yose yakadzama yemapepanhau 428, iyo inotarisa zvakakwana zvikamu zvose zvechinetso chekushandisa zvinoshandiswa zvinodhaka , zvinowanikwa zvikamu zvakatsaurirwa kune kutsanangura zvinhu zvinobatanidzwa izvo zvingasava zvishoma kuzivikanwa, zvisinganzwisisiki kana kuti zvisiri izvo pamusoro pezvinhu zvinodhaka zvinodhaka. Mamwe madzimai aya ari kukurukurwa pasi apa.
1 - Zvishandiso Zvishandiso Zvinoshandiswa Zvimwe Zvakawanda seShuga
Vanenge mamiriyoni makumi maviri evanhu vane makore gumi nemaviri uye vakuru muUnited States vanosangana nemirairo yekuongororwa kwekushandisa dambudziko rekushandisa dambudziko. Iyo inenge 8 kubva muzana yevechiri kuyaruka uye vanhu vakuru uye yakaenzana nenhamba yevanhu vane chirwere cheshuga.
Vanhu vane chirwere chinoshandiswa nehutachiwana vanowedzera kupfuura avo vane utachiona hwehutano uye vanoenzana nehuwandu huwandu hwehutano hwevanhu vane hutano hwakakonzerwa-kenza yebhumbu, kenza yemapapu, kenza yeprotate, kenza yemaroni, kenza yeropa, uye zvose mamwe kanzira akabatanidzwa.
Mamiriyoni makumi maviri nemaviri eAmerica ane zvinetso zvekushandisa zvinoshandiswa haasanganisi mamiriyoni evanhu vakaita doro rinodhaka (kunwa doro nekudhakwa zvakanyanya ) kana kuti vakashandisa zvinodhaka zvisina kukodzera mumwedzi gumi nemana apfuura asi vasingakwanisi kugadzirisa zvinodhaka zvekushandisa zvinoshandiswa dambudziko.
Maererano neshumo reDhigeyori General, yevaAmerica 265 mamiriyoni vanopfuura makore gumi nemaviri:
- Mamiriyoni 175 (65.7%) akanwa doro
- Mamiriyoni 66.7 (24,9%) akaratidza kunwa doro
- 17.3 mamiriyoni (6.5%) vaiva vanwiwa zvikuru
- Mamirioni 36 (13,5%) akashandisa mbanje
- 18.9 mamiriyoni (7.1%) zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zvinodhaka
- 300 000 anoshandiswa heroin
Kunwa doro , maererano neshumo racho, "kunwa mashanu (varume) kana vana (vakadzi) kana zvimwe zvinwiwa panguva imwe chete pazuva rimwe chete mumazuva makumi matatu apfuura" uye kunwa kwakanyanya kwevarume nevakadzi vari kunwa doro pa nguva shomanana katatu mumazuva makumi matatu apfuura.
2 - Kuwedzerwa kweOpioid Overdose Rufu Rwakawedzera Zvikamu zvina
Chiitiko chekuwedzera-kududzira mapiritsi emapipi epipio akatanga mumakore ekuma1990 akaita kuti kuwedzera nokukurumidza kushandiswa uye kusashandiswa kwekurwadziwa uku kunoderedzwa. Kuwedzera kwekushandiswa kweopioid kwakasimbirira munzvimbo dzose dzenyika uye mamiriyoni evanhu.
Apo hurumende yakanyura "pills mills" uye "chiremba kutengesa" munyika yose, mapiritsi akarwadza akaoma zvakaoma kuwana uye anodhura mari. Somugumisiro, vashandi vakawanda vakatanga kushandisa heroin iyo yaive yakadhura uye yakawanda yakawanikwa.
Izvi zvakaratidzwa mukukwira kwepamusoro pakufa kweopioid kudarika kuUnited States yose, kuwedzera anenge anenge mana pakati pe1999 na2014, maererano neshumo.
3 - Kusiyana pakati pekushandisa zvisina kunaka uye kushungurudzwa
Iwe unogona kunge usingazivi mutsauko pakati pemashoko okuti "kushandisa zvinodhaka" uye "kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka" nokuti, zvakanaka, hapana chaicho chakasiyana. Inongova nyaya yechirungu.
Dhipoti yechiremba weGurukota rezvezvechiremba, madhiragi, uye hutano hunoratidza kuti chete 10 muzana yevanhu vanoda rubatsiro rwekushandisa zvinodhaka muUnited States vanowana kurapwa mune chero gore rakapiwa. Chimwe chikonzero cheizvi ndechekushorwa kunenge kuripo munzanga pamusoro pekudhakwa nekudhakwa.
Ikoko, saka, chiitiko pakati pevashandi vezvehutano hwemishonga kuti vataure kushandisa izwi rokuti "kushandisa zvisina kunaka" nokuti rinoratidzika kunge risina kunyadzisa kudarika "kushandisa zvinodhaka." Chiremba Mukuru Chiremba Mukuru wegore ra2016 rinoreva kushandiswa zvisina kunaka mumagwaro ose.
4 - Kupindirana Kwepamberi Kunowanzobudirira
Kunyange zvazvo kushamiswa kwemhuri kunopikisa kuedza kuedza kuwana vadikanwa kupinda mune kurapa kwezvinetso zvewaini nezvinodhaka zvakagutsikana nekunzwisisa nekuda kwekuratidzwa kwavo pamapurogiramu ezerevhizheni, chaizvoizvo, hazvisi zvakakosha.
Kutarisana kwepamberi, dzimwe nguva kunonzi "Johnson Intervention," kwave kuripo kubva kuma1960, asi hazvina kuwanika mune zvidzidzo zvezesayenzi kuti ibudirire pakuita kuti vanhu vave kurapwa uye, chaizvoizvo, vanogona kudzokera shure-vachiita kuti munhu wacho atarwe zvakanyanya kudzivisa kutsvaga kurapwa.
Muhuturo weDhiontare General, "kupindira" hakurevi kune mhando idzi dzemakakatanwa, asi "purogiramu yakarongeka, basa, kana mutemo wakagadzirirwa kuchengetedza kushandiswa kwemishonga zvisina kunaka kana kubata chirwere chemunhu kushandisa dambudziko."
5 - Zvirwere Zvokurapa Hazviiti Zvichiita Kuti Mishonga Irege Kuwedzerwa
Imwe nguva yakareba-yakave isina chokwadi pamusoro pekushandiswa kwemishonga yemishonga yekubatsira vanhu vane doro uye zvinetso zvekushandisa zvinhu ndeyokuti kushandisa mishonga yekurapa kuchiva uye kubvisa kushandiswa kwekudhakwa kweumwe .
Kushandiswa kwemethadone uye buprenorphine kudzora opioid kuchiva uye kubviswa kwawanikwa muzvidzidzo zvezesayenzi kuderedza kushandiswa kwemishonga zvisina kunaka, kuderedza dambudziko rekudzokazve uye kudarika, kuderedza uipi hwemhosva, kuderedza kutapurirwa kwezvirwere zvinotapukira, uye kubatsira kuvhiringidzwa kudzokera kune utano uye mararamiro anoshanda.
Chirevo chekuti vazhinji vanozvidzivirira-based based treatment zvinoshandiswa zvinoshandiswa nemishonga iyi kushandisa rimwe dambudziko kune imwe isayenzi isina kusimba uye zvakanyanya kukanganisa kushandiswa kwevanhu nevanhu vanogona kubatsirwa nazvo, Chiremba Mukuru Gwaro rinodaro.
Zvibvumirano zvekuti methadone uye buprenorphine inogona kurongerwa uye kuparidzirwa zvakaderedzawo kuwanikwa kwavo, iyo ihu ripoti.
6 - Hazvifanirwe Kuva Nechenjeri Kuti Uitwe
Nenzira, zvinetso zvewaini uye zvinodhaka hazvina kurapwa kusvikira mishonga " ichirova pasi " mushure mekushandisa kwavo kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kwakava dambudziko. Apo kurapwa kwaitsvakwa, kwaiwanzopiwa nehuwandu hwehutano hwehutano zvirongwa zvaive zvakasiyana uye zvisingabatanidzwi nehutano hwehutano hwehutano.
Dhigiriyari Mukuru we 2016 anorondedzera kutarisira kuisa mitsva mitsva mukushandisa kwekushandisa dambudziko rekurapa zvakadai se:
- Dambudziko rekushandisa zvinodhaka rinogonawo kurapwa
- Kushandisa zvisina kunaka chero kupi zvako kunofanira kupiwa kupindira
- Kupindira kwepakutanga kunogona kudzivirira gare gare kushungurudzika kukuru
- Kushandisa zvisina kunaka kuongororwa kunofanira kuva chikamu chekutarisira utano hwekutanga
- Kupindira uye kutarisa kunofanira kushandiswa munharaunda yakawanda yehutano hwehutano
Mushumo unotsanangura kuti havasi vose vane chirwere chekushandisa zvinodhaka vanoda chirwere chinoramba chiripo uye vazhinji vanongoda kupindira kwenguva pfupi uye kutarisa, naizvozvo varwere vazhinji vanogona kugamuchira kurapwa kubva kune avo vese vanoona nezvekuchengeta vana.
Kana kushandiswa zvisina kunaka kuongorora nekupindira kwenguva pfupi uye kuongororwa kwakaitwa sechikamu chekugara kwehutano hwehutano zvinogona kuderedza zvakanyanya kufambiswa kwezvinetso zvakanyanya zvekushandisa zvinodhaka, iyo ihu ripoti.
7 - Vezera Rokudzorera Kosizi Rinogona Kubudirira
Imwe nzira yemazuva ano inoshandiswa kwezvinhu zvinoshandiswa nehutano hwehutano ndiyo kushandiswa kwevezera vekudzidzira vana, ivo vanhu vari kuzviraramisa ivo vanoshandisa ruzivo rwavo uye zviitiko zvehupenyu kubatsira vamwe vari vatsva kuti vadzoke.
Dzimwe nguva dzinonzi vadzidzisi vakangwara, vadzidzisi vezera ravo vanoita kuti vamwe vadzoke nemanzwiro, ruzivo, uye rubatsiro runobatsira kuvabatsira kuchengetedza .
Kunyangwe iwe ungangodaro wakanzwa nezvevanhu vanozivikanwa vachibhadhara vadzidzisi vemapurisa vari voga, vadzidzisi vezera ravo vanogonawo kubatanidzwa nemapoka emagariro evanhu, makiriniki, misha yekugara yakasimba, uye kudzidzira zvikoro zvepamusoro.
Vanokwanisawo kuva vashandi munzvimbo dzekuchengetedza kwepamusoro, dhipatimendi rekukurumidzira, makiriniki ehutano hwehutano, hutongi hwehurumende, hurumende yehutano, hupfumi hwevana, nemasangano asina pokugara
Vezera vekudzidzira vanodzidzisa havasi kushandisa zvinodhaka kushandiswa kwehutano varayiridzi kana kuti vatapi vemhosva. Havasiwo vatsigiri vane purogiramu gumi nematanhatu , nokuti havakurudzi chero nzira ipi zvayo yekudzorera, asi inofambisa nzira dzose.
Kune zvishomanana zvidzidzo zvekutsvaga pamusoro pekubudirira kwevadzidzi vekudzidzira vana, asi izvo zvakaitwa zvinovimbisa, maererano neshumo reSergeon General.
8 - Dzimba dzekudzorera dzinobudirira kwazvo
Dzimba dzokudzorera, zvinowanzozivikanwa sehafu yedzimba, dzakawanikwa dzichinyatsobudirira pakubatsira avo vakapedza doro uye zvinodhaka zvinodhaka kana kuti kurapwa kuti varambe vachirega.
Imwe mienzaniso yeiyi inotsanangurwa mumushumo, Oxford House, Inc. inotarisana nenhepfenyuro inosangana neOxford Houses mune makumi matatu nematunhu uye District of Columbia. Oxford Imba inopa mari inoshandiswa uye inotengesa zvinhu kune vanhu mukudzoka.
Chidzidzo che Oxford House vagari vakawana zvinotevera:
- 87% yevagari vemo vakange vasingacharegi pashure pemakore maviri
- Zvisizvo zvisingabatsiri zvaive 4-5 kupfuura zvinowanzoitika
- Yakakwirira, yakawanda maitiro akanaka ekuzvidzivirira uye kuzviita
- Inowanikwa mumwedzi wepamusoro
- Pasi pejeri majeri
Kuenda kune imwe nzvimbo yekudzorera mushure mekunyora detox kana kurapwa kwemagumisiro kunoguma nemigumisiro yakawanda zviri nani kudarika kudzokera zvakananga munzanga, kutsvakurudza kwakawanikwa.
Shoko Rinobva
Kana iwe kana mumwe munhu waunoziva ari kunwa kana kushandisa zvinodhaka nenzira inokuvadza ivo pachavo kana vamwe vakavapoteredza, havafaniri kumirira kusvikira yava dambudziko rekugamuchira rubatsiro. Pane zvinhu zvinoshandiswa pakurapa izvo zvakagadzirirwa zvakananga kune avo vasati vatengesa.
Sources:
US Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), Hofisi yechiremba Mukuru, "Kutarisana neAuddiction muAmerica: Chirwere Chiremba Mukuru Gwaro reDoro, Zvinodhaka, uye Utano, Executive Summary." Washington, DC: HHS, November 2016.