Kunyatsotarisisa Maonero Okuongorora Kwepfungwa
Ndezvipi zvinokonzera kukanganisa kwevanhu nemafungiro? Ongororo yepfungwa inoshandisa nzira yesayenzi kupindura mibvunzo iyi nekutsvakurudza pfungwa nemafambiro. Nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoongorora zvidzidzo kuti dzive zvakawanda nezvekuti sei vanhu vachiita zvimwe zvinhu.
Ongororo yeMapfungwa: A Quick Overview
Sei vanhu vachiita zvinhu zvavanoita? Ndezvipi zvinhu zvinokurudzira kuti unhu hunokura sei?
Uye maitiro edu uye zviitiko zvinogadzirisa sei unhu hwedu? Idzi ingongova mashomanana emibvunzo iyo masayendisiti anotsvaga, uye nzira dzekuedza dzinobvumira vatsvakurudzi kugadzira nekunyatsoongorora maonero. Nokudzidza mibvunzo yakadaro, vatsvakurudzi vanogonawo kukudziridza mafungiro anovabatsira kutsanangura, kutsanangura, kufanotaura, uye kutoshandura mafambiro evanhu.
Somuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vangashandisa nzira dzekuedza kuti vaongorore kuti nei vanhu vachiita maitiro asina kunaka. Nokudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pezvikonzero zvinoita kuti zviito izvi zviitike, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kutsvaga nzira dzinobatsira dzekubatsira vanhu kudzivisa zviito zvakadaro kana kutora zvisarudzo zvisina kunaka nezvimwe zvinobatsira.
Zvikonzero Zvokudzidza Kuongorora Masayendisiti
Kunyange zvazvo vadzidzi vachiwanzodiwa kutora zvidzidzo zvepfungwa dzepfungwa panguva yechikoro chepasitoro uye chikoro chekudzidza , unofanira kufunga nezvenyaya iyi senzira yekutenda kwete panzvimbo imwe chete mukati mepfungwa.
Maitiro mazhinji aya anoshandiswawo nedzimwe nzvimbo dzepfungwa dzepfungwa yekuita tsvakurudzo pamusoro pezvose kubvira pakukura kwevana kusvika kumagariro evanhu.
Ongororo yepfungwa yakakosha nokuti zvakawana zvakawanikwa nevepfungwa dzepfungwa zvinoita basa rinokosha pakunzwisisa kwedu kwepfungwa dzevanhu nemafambiro.
Nekunzwisisa zviri nani izvo zvinoita kuti vanhu vaite nharo, vadzidzisi vepfungwa uye vamwe vashandi vehutano hwepfungwa vanogona kutsvaga nzira itsva dzekurapa mupfungwa mupfungwa uye chirwere chepfungwa.
Nzira Dzakashandiswa Mukuongorora Masayendisiti
Saka vanotsvakurudza vanonyatsoongorora sei pfungwa nemafungiro evanhu? Nokuti pfungwa yevanhu yakanyanya kuoma, inoratidzika semuedzo wakaoma wokuongorora zvinhu zvakawanda zvinoita kuti tifunge, kuita, uye kunzwa.
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzepfungwa dzinoshandisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzekutsvakurudza uye zvigadzirwa zvekuongorora maitiro evanhu.
1. Ongororo
Mune zvimwe zviitiko, mazvikokota ezvepfungwa vanogona kuita zviongorori kuti vaone kana kune chikonzero-uye-chekama hukama pakati pemhando dzakasiyana.
Nheyo dzekutungamira kuongorora kwepfungwa dzinosanganisira:
- Nenguva isipi inopa vatori vechikamu kumapoka
- Operationalally defining variables
- Kuvandudza pfungwa
- Kurongedza zvakasiyana-siyana zvakasiyana
- Zvichienzanisa zvinotenderera zvakasiyana
Semuenzaniso, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kuita chidzidzo kuti vatarise kana kuparara kwekurara kunokanganisa kushanda kwekuedza kuendesa. Iko kuedza kunogona kutarisa kune zvimwe zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kukanganisa mugumisiro, asi zvino zvinokanganisa huwandu hwenhope iyo vatori vechikamu vanowana usiku huno pamberi pekuedzwa kwekushaira.
Vose vevatori vechikamu vaizotora chirwere chakafanana chekufambisa kuburikidza nemufananidzi kana pane imwe nzira inodzorwa.
Nokuongorora mitsva, vatsvakurudzi vanogona kusarudza kana zvaive kuchinja mumamiriro ezvinhu akazvimiririra (zvakakwana zvehope) izvo zvakatungamirira kusiyano mune zvinowirirana zvakatarisana (kushanda pane kuedza kuendesa).
Kuongorora kunoramba kuri muitiro wekutanga, asi dzimwe nzira dzakadai sedzidzo dzenyaya, correlational tsvakurudzo, uye kuongorora zvisizvo zvinowanzoshandiswa mukutsvakurudza kwepfungwa.
2. Nyaya Dzidzo
Zvidzidzo zvenguva dzinobvumira vatsvakurudzi kudzidza mumwe munhu mumwe chete kana boka revanhu mukudzika kukuru.
Paanenge achiongorora nyaya, muongorori anounganidza imwe nhamba imwe chete ye data inogoneka pamusoro penyaya yacho, kazhinji achicherechedza munhu anofarira kwenguva uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana-siyana. Tsanangudzo yakajeka pamusoro pemamiriro emunhu mumwechete kusanganisira nhoroondo yemhuri, dzidzo, basa, uye hupenyu hwehupenyu hunounganidzwa zvakare.
Dzidzo dzakadaro dzinowanzoitwa mumamiriro apo kuedza hakugoneki. Semuenzaniso, musayendisiti anogona kutungamirira nyaya apo munhu anofarira ave ane ruzivo rwakasiyana-siyana kana rushoma rusingagoni kudzokororwa mubasa.
3. Correlational Research
Dzidzo dzeCorrelational dzinoita kuti zvive nyore kuti vanotsvakurudza vatarise ukama pakati pemhando dzakasiyana. Semuenzaniso, chiremba wepfungwa anogona kuona kuti sekuwedzera kwekuwedzera, imwe inowedzera kuderera. Kunyange zvazvo zvidzidzo zvakadaro zvinogona kutarisa ukama, hazvikwanisi kushandiswa kuratidza hukama hwehukama. Mutemo wegoridhe ndeyekuti kuwirirana hakukwanisi kukonzera.
4. Kuchengetedza kwezvinhu zvakasikwa
Kutarisa kwezvisikwa kunopa vaongorori mukana wokucherechedza vanhu munzvimbo dzavo dzepanyama. Iyi nzira inogona kunyanya kubatsira mumamiriro ezvinhu apo vatsvakurudzi vanodavira kuti maitiro ekuraira angave ane simba risina kunaka pamitemo yevatori vechikamu.
Chii Chichiedza Kuongorora Masayendisiti?
Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzinoongorora dzinoshanda munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzakasanganisira zvikoro, masayunivhesiti, masangano ekutsvakurudza, hurumende, uye mabhizinesi ega. Zvimwe zvezviitiko izvi zvinogona kuisa pfungwa pakudzidzisa nzira dzekuedza kuvadzidzi, asi vamwe vanoita tsvakurudzo pamusoro pemagariro ekufungidzira, mhuka yehupenyu, neuroscience, unhu, nezvimwe zvinhu zvakawanda zvenyaya.
Avo vanoshanda muzvidzidzo zvedzidzo vanowanzodzidzisa zvidzidzo zvepfungwa mukuwedzera pakuita tsvakurudzo nekudhinda zvavakawana mumagazini ezvigadzirwa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzezvepfungwa dzinoongorora mabhizimusi kuti dziwane nzira dzekuita kuti vashandi vabudirire kana kuti kugadzirire nzvimbo yakachengeteka yebasa, nzvimbo inokosha inozivikanwa sevanhu zvinhu zvepfungwa .
The History of Experimental Psychology
Kuti uzonzwisisa kuti chiedza chekuongorora chiitiko chinofanira kunge chiri kupi nhasi, zvingava zvinobatsira kutarisa kuti yakatanga sei. Psychology isiri chirango chiduku, chinobuda muma1900. Kunyange zvazvo yakatanga sechikamu chefilosofi uye biology, yakave yakasununguka inzvimbo yake yekudzidza apo nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Wilhelm Wundt yakagadzira laboratory yekutanga yakagadzirirwa kuongororwa kwekuongorora kwepfungwa.
Zvimwe zvezviitiko zvinokosha zvakabatsira kusimbisa munda wekuongorora kwepfungwa zvinosanganisira:
- 1874 - Wilhelm Wundt akadhinda bhuku rekutanga rekuongorora kwepfungwa, Grundzüge der physiologischen Psychology (Zvinangwa zvePhysical Psychology) .
- 1875 - William James akazarura lab psychology muUnited States. Irobhu yakasikwa nokuda kwekuratidzwa kwekirasi, panzvimbo yekuita tsvakurudzo yepakutanga yekuongorora.
- 1879 - Bhuku rekutanga rekuongorora kwepfungwa rakagadzirwa muLeipzig, Germany. Mazuva ano masayendisiti ekuongorora maitiro akadzoka shure kwekugadzwa kwebhuku rekutanga rezvepfungwa yevashandi kuburikidza nehupayenzi wepfungwa anonzi Wilhelm Wundt panguva yekupera kwegumi nemakore gumi nemapfumbamwe.
- 1883 - G. Stanley Hall akazarura chikwata chokutanga chekuongorora masayendisiti muUnited States paJohn Hopkins University.
- 1885 - Herman Ebbinghaus akadhinda Über das Gedächtnis ("On Memory" yakakurumbira), iyo yakazoshandurwa kuChirungu seChirangaridzo . Mupiro wekuongororwa kwepfungwa . Mune basa, akarondedzera zvidzidzo zvake zvekudzidza nekuyeuka zvaakazviita paari pachake.
- 1887 - George Truball Ladd akabudisa bhuku rake rinonzi Elements of Physiological Psychology , bhuku rekutanga reAmerica kuti rive nehuwandu hwehuwandu hwehuongorori hwepfungwa.
- 1887 - James McKeen Cattell akatanga sangano rechitatu rekuongorora masayendisiti eYunivhesiti yePennsylvania.
- 1890 - William James akabudisa bhuku rake rekutanga, The Principles of Psychology .
- 1891 - Mary Whiton Calkins akatanga sangano rekuongorora masayendisiti kuWellesley College, achiva mukadzi wokutanga kugadzira basa repfungwa.
- 1893 - G. Stanley Hall akatanga nheyo yeAmerica Psychological Association , sangano guru rezvesayenzi uye rezesayenzi rezvepfungwa dzepfungwa muUnited States.
- 1920 - John B. Watson naRobert Rayner vakaita svondo ravo rainzi Little Albert Experiment, umo vakaratidza kuti kushushikana kwepfungwa kunogona kuiswa mumatambudziko kuvanhu.
- 1929 - Edwin Boring's book A History of Experimental Psychology yakabudiswa. Kubvunda kwaiva chiitiko chakakosha chepfungwa chepfungwa chakange chakazvipira kushandiswa kwekuedza kwedzidzo mukutsvakurudza kwepfungwa.
- 1955 - Lee Cronbach akabudisa Kugadzirisa Kushandiswa kwePsychological Tests , iyo yakakurudzira kushandiswa kwekuvakwa kwakagadzirirwa mune zvidzidzo zvepfungwa.
- 1958 - Harry Harlow rakabudisa The Nature of Love , iyo yakatsanangura maitiro ake ne rhesus monkeys pamusoro pekubatanidza uye rudo.
- 1961 - Albert Bandura akaita bhizimusi rake rainzi Bobo doll, iro rakaratidza migumisiro yekucherechedza pamararamiro ane utsinye.
Shoko Rinobva
Kunyange zvazvo kuongororwa kwepfungwa kune dzimwe nguva kunofungidzirwa senzvimbo yakasiyana yebazi kana subfield yepfungwa, nzira dzekuedza dzinoshandiswa zvikuru munzvimbo dzose dzepfungwa. Vashandi vezvepfungwa vanobudirira vanoshandisa nzira dzekuedza kudzidza kuti vanhu vanokura sei kuburikidza nehucheche uye munguva yeupenyu hwose. Nyanzvi dzepfungwa dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoshandisa nzira dzekuedza yekudzidza kuti vanhu vanofurirwa sei nemapoka. Utano hwepfungwa dzinovimba nezvekuedza uye kutsvakurudza kuti zvive nani kunzwisisa zvinhu zvinobatsira hutano uye zvirwere.
> Sources:
> Kantowitz, BH, Roediger, HL, & Elmes, DG. Ongororo yeMapfungwa. Stanford, CT: Cengage Kudzidza; 2015.
> Weiner, IB, Healy, AF, Proctor, RW. Handbook of Psychology: Bhuku 4, Testinental Psychology. New York: John Wiley & Vanakomana, 2012.