Pakutanga-Isa Kunwa Kunobatanidza Nekuzotevera Dambudziko rekushandisa Doro
Kushandiswa kwekumwa kwechirwere kwave kuri kuramba kuchiderera kwemaakumi emakore muUnited States, asi ichiri kuwanda zvakakwana kuti uve hutano hwehutano hwevanhu.
Kunwa doro kunotanga kupera kwakaderera kumashure kwema1980 apo Congress yakapfuura Mutemo weNational Minimum Drinking Act, iyo yaida kuti nyika iwedzere nguva yekutengesa mutemo uye kunwa doro kusvika musi wa21 Gumiguru 1986 kana kurasikirwa ne10% yemadhora makuru ehurumende.
Pakazosvika 1988, vose makumi mashanu vakataura uye Chirongwa cheColumbia chakanga chava nemakore makumi maviri nemazana maviri ekutanga kunwa, zvichiita kuti pave nehuwandu hwekudhakwa kwepakati pevadzidzi pakati pe8, 10 ne12 yegorosi vadzidzi vanoramba varipo nhasi.
Kuwanda kweMukomana Kunwa Kunwa
Zvisinei, maererano neNational National Survey yeDrug Use and Health (NSDUH) ya2014, inofungidzirwa kuti mamiriyoni 8,65 evaAmerica vane makore 12 kusvika ku20 akataura kuti vakanga vari kunwa zvino , zvichireva kuti vaine imwe yekunwa kamwechete mumazuva makumi matatu akapfuura.
Vanhurume vachiri kunwa doro uye kunwa zuva rimwe nerimwe kudarika vakadzi vaduku, asi kusiyana kunopera. Vadzidzi vatsvuku vanorondedzera zvikamu zvepamusoro zvekunwa, Hispanics ndezotevera uye vatsvuku vanorondedzera zvikamu zvakaderera.
Nevadzidzi ivavo vane matambudziko kana vanodonha kunze, 80% vanotaura kuti vakadhakwa mumwedzi wapfuura, kana vakaratidza kunwa doro, kana kuti vanonzi kunwa uye kutyaira mumazuva makumi matatu apfuura.
Kunwa uye Kuyaruka Kuyaruka
Kune vamwe vadzidzi, kunwa doro ndizvo chete zvinetso zvavo, asi kune vamwe, kunwa kunofambidzana nedzimwe dambudziko unhu hunoenderana nekusawirirana, kushushikana, nekutsvaga kwekunzwa, maererano nekutsvakurudza.
Kazhinji, kunwa doro pakati pevadzidzi kunotevera muenzaniso wekutangira makore makumi mapfumbamwe nemakore, zvichiwedzera munguva yehucheche, kufambira muhukuru hwemakore (18-18-22) uye zvishoma nezvishoma zvishoma nezvishoma.
Zvisinei, zvidzidzo zvakawana kuti vechidiki vanowedzera kudhakwa kwavo pakati pemakore 18 ne24 kana vanoramba vachidhakwa kamwechete pavhiki mukati memakore iwayo vangazotanga kuva nezvinetso munzvimbo dzinotevera:
- Kuroora
- Educational attainment
- Basa
- Kusununguka kwezvemari
Zvinhu Zvinokurudzira Kunwa Doro zvisina kunaka
Pane zvinhu zvakawanda zvinogona kuita kuti chikonzero chekuti vamwe vechidiki vatange kushandisa muenzaniso wekudhakwa nekudhakwa nekushandisa doro kushungurudza kushandiswa asi vamwe vasingaiti. Heano zvimwe zvezvinhu zvakakonzera ngozi:
Genetic Risk Factors
Kutsvakurudza kwakaratidza kuti zvizvarwa zvinowanzoita kuti munhu aomerwe nekugadzirisa zvinetso zvewaini . Tinonyatsoziva kuti vana vanodhakwa nevabereki vanonyanya kukoshesa kuva madorokwa ivo pachavo vachienzaniswa nevana vevabereki vasina kudhakwa.
Asi, nhoroondo yemhuri yekudhakwa haisi iyo chete inogadzirisa chimwe chinhu. Maitiro ezvakatipoteredza anoitawo basa kana mumwe munhu achiita doro kushandiswa kwekushungurudza uye anogona kusiyanisa zvakanyanya kubva kune munhu kumunhu.
Isu tinozivawo kuti mamwe maitiro ezvakatipoteredza anogona kuderedza maitiro ehutano uye anoita kuti vamwe vana vane zvinodhakwa vasazoita matambudziko ekunwa.
Biological Markers
Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti mavhinga europi anokonzerwa nekupindurwa kune zvimwe zvinokonzera zvinogona kupa huro hwehutano hunogona kuitika hunogona kufanidzira dambudziko rekudhakwa . P300, humwe uropi hunoitika hunoita milliseconds mazana matatu shure kwekusimudzira chiedza kana runyararo, ndeimwe yemafungu europi anoshandiswa mune zvidzidzo izvi.
Kana mumwe munhu achiratidza hutsika hweP300 hukuru hunoratidza huwandu hwekuwedzera kudhakwa, zvikurukuru pakati pevanakomana vanodhakwa madzimai.
Masayendisiti akakwanisa kufanotaura doro uye zvimwe zvinoshandiswa nemishonga muvakomana vasati vamboita makore mana gare gare pavhareji yezera remakore makumi matanhatu nematanhatu nekuyera P300 yavo mafunde.
Childhood Behavior
Maitiro ehutano muhucheche hunove akawanikwa kuti anonyatsofungidzira zvezvinetso zvekupedzisira zvekunwa. Pazera remakore matatu, vana vakanzi "vari pasi pekutungamirirwa" -kusava nehanya , kusingagadziriswa kana kusakanganiswa - kaviri kaviri inogona kuonekwa kuti ine doro rekushandisa kushandiswa kwezvinodhaka pazera remakore makumi maviri nemashanu zvichienzaniswa nevana vane makore 3 vanorondedzerwa se "vasingadziviri" kana " kuchinja. "
Vana vanoratidza kurwisana mushure mezera remakore 5-10 vanowanzoshandisa doro nemimwe mishonga panguva yekuyaruka.
Vana vanoratidzira unhu husina kufanana nevamwe vanowanzova nezvinetso zvine doro zvine chokuita nedoro panguva yevechiri kuyaruka uye doro rekushandisa kushandiswa kwehutano mukukura, kutsvakurudza kunoratidza.
Psychiatric Disorders
Doro kushandiswa uye zvirwere zvakasiyana-siyana zvepfungwa zvakabatanidzwa muvechiri kuyaruka uye vechidiki vaduku mune zvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana zvekutsvakurudza:
- Vachiri kuyaruka avo vanonwa zvakanyanya vanowanzova nezvinetso zvekuzvibata.
- Vakomana kubva 6 kusvika ku17 vane hanya nehuwandu hwehutano husina kunaka (ADHD) uye avo vaiva nehukama hwehukama hwevanhu hwakanyanya zvakanyanya kuve nehutano hwekushandisa doro zvakanyanya makore mana gare gare.
- College freshmen vane zvinetso zvekuzvidya mwoyo zvakapetwa kaviri kuva nehutwa hwakanyanya kushandiswa kwezvirwere kuenzaniswa nevaya vasina kushungurudzika.
- Vadzidzi vekuchikoro nematambudziko ekunwa kwakange kazhinji kacho kuti vave nechinetso chikuru chekuora mwoyo .
Pamwe pamwe nezvimwe zvinoratidzwa pamusoro apa, kune huwandu hwehupfungwa hwehupfungwa hunoita kuti kuve nehutano hwevechidiki vechidiki vachiita chisarudzo kutanga kutanga-kutanga kunwa doro:
Kuberekera, Mhuri, uye Vezera
Vabereki ndivo vanonyanya kukosha pamusana pechisarudzo chevana vavo chekubatanidzwa mune zvinodhaka kana kwete. Dzidzo dzinoratidza kuti vabereki vanonwa kana kutaura mafungiro akanaka pamusoro pokunwa vanobatanidzwa nevana vavo vanotanga kunwa doro uye vanoramba vachimwa.
Kune rumwe rutivi, vana avo vanonyeverwa nezvehungwaru doro nevabereki vavo havakwanisi kutanga kunwa doro. Izvozvo ndezvechokwadi kune vana vanotaura kuti vave pedyo nevabereki vavo.
Kushaiwa kwekukurukurirana kwevabereki, kutsigirwa uye kutarisa kwave kwakabatanidzwa nevatsvakurudzi kune nguva zhinji yekunwa, kunwisa , uye kudhakwa pakati pevechiri kuyaruka. Zvidzidzo zvakabatanidza kuvengana kwevabereki, kurambwa uye kutsamwa, kusagadziriswa kurangwa kumucheche hwekudhakwa uye zvinetso zvine doro.
Vana vaduku vangangodha kunwa kana vezera ravo vanonwa , asi kupfuura izvozvo, kunyange kana vezera ravo vakaratidza kubvumwa kunwa zvinogona kukanganisa chisarudzo chemwana chekutanga kunwa doro.
Zvakanaka Zvisingatarisirwi Doro
Kutsvakurudza kunoratidza kuti vechidiki vanowanzotanga kunwa kana vakagadzirira kutarisira kwakanaka pamusoro pokunwa. Izvi zvinotarisirwa zvakanaka zvinowedzera nekukura uye zvinogona kufanotaura zvose kutanga kwekunwa uye kunwa dambudziko pakati pevechidiki.
Childhood Trauma
Kushungurudzwa kwevana uye zvimwe zviitiko zvinotyisa zvinokonzerawo mungozi yezvinetso zvekudhakwa munguva dzevechidiki. Pakati pevechiri kuyaruka vanoguma mukurapa kwekudhakwa kwekudhakwa kwekudhakwa kwehuwandu hwehutsinye hwepanyama , kushungurudzwa kwepabonde, kushungurudzwa kwechisimba, uye kupupurira chisimba zvakanyanya kudarika vanhu vakawanda vevechiri kuyaruka.
Kuenzaniswa nekudzidzira kudzidzira, vechidiki muzvirongwa zvekunwa doro vaiva:
- 6 kazhinji kacho kazhinji kacho yakashandiswa zvisina kunaka mumuviri
- 18 kazhinji inowanzove yakashandiswa zvepabonde
- Zvingangodaro kuti dzakambova nehutano hwekutsvaga mupfungwa
Vaya vachiri kuyaruka vaibatwa nekudhakwa zvakanyanyisa vaiwanzoita 10 PTSD apo avo vaibatwa nekutengesa doro vaiva nenguva gumi nembiri.
Alcohol Advertising
Zvinyorwa zvemigumisiro yekudhakwa kwewaini pavana vakawana kuti zvinodhaka zvinodhaka zvingawedzera zvakanyanya kutarisira zvakanaka pamusoro pewaini. Doro inoshambadzirwa inotarirwa nevechiri kuyaruka yakawanikwa ichiita zvinodhaka zvinodhaka uye inowedzera chinangwa chechiri kuyaruka sevanhu vakuru.
Migumisiro Yevaya Vari Kuyaruka Doro Rinoshandisa
Mukupera kwema1960 nekutanga kwema1970, munguva yehondo yeVietnam, nyika dzakawanda dzakaderedza makore avo ekunwa kwemutemo kusvika 18. Kufunga kwezvematongerwo enyika kwaiva, "kana vakwegura zvakakwana kuti vanyorwa uye varwire nyika yavo, ivo vakwegura zvakakwana kuti vanwe . "
Chiitiko chacho chaive pedyo nokukurumidza. Dambudziko rehutano hwakakonzerwa nedoro rakawedzera zvinoshamisa. Kwenzira yepamusoro yekufa haisi kungowedzera chete mumamiriro ekutaura kwokuti nguva yekunwa yakaderera, asiwo mumasangano ayo akaganzana nenyika idzodzo.
Ndiyo apo Congress yakapinda uye yakarayira makore ose ekunwa kwepamutemo evanhu makumi maviri nemakumi maviri nematatu nekutyisidzika kwekuregerera federal highway mari kune iyo nyika dzisina kuwedzera makore ekunwa.
Iyo yakakura yepamutemo yekumwa kwepamutemo yakakurumidza kuita kuti kuderedzwa kwekunwa kwepakati pekutanga uye kuderedzwa kwekunwa nekudhaira pamwe nehuwandu hwehutano hwakakonzerwa nedoro.
Zera remutemo rekumwa pasina mubvunzo raive nemigumisiro kune dzimwe nzvimbo kunwa doro kunogona kukonzera matambudziko, kusanganisira:
Kuita zvepabonde
Kunwa doro kunobatanidza kwete kungowedzera hutachiona hwehutano hwakanyanya asiwo kuwedzerwa kunetseka kubata zvepabonde. Vachiri kuyaruka vanonwa vanowanzoita zvepabonde vasati vava nemakore gumi nematanhatu, vanowanzoita zvepabonde pavanenge vachimwa uye vasingakwanisi kuita zvepabonde zvakachengeteka mushure mekunwa.
Ngozi Inotyisa uye Kurwisa
Doro rinoshandiswa pakati pe 8 ne10th graders rakawanikwa kuti riwedzere maitiro ehutano uye kushungurudzwa. Izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kuvadzidzi vema grade 8.
Kuberekwa uye Kukura kweB Bone
Kana zvidzidzo zvinotungamirirwa nemhuka dze laboratori zvinoratidza, kunwisa doro mumakore ekuyaruka kunogona kunonoka kuve mudiki, kunonoka kwekukura, uye kunokonzera kushaya simba mapfupa.
Kuchengetedza Kumwa Kunwa Kunokosha
Tsvakurudzo dzinoverengeka dzakawana kuti kutanga-kutanga kunwa kwakabatanidzwa nehutano hwezvinetso zvekushandisa zvinodhaka mushure mehupenyu. Pakutanga mwana anotanga kunwa doro, zvinotambudza zvinetso zvaanotarisana nazvo mukukura, kwete chete nekushandisa zvinodhaka asi nekusangana zvinangwa zvehupenyu zvakadai sekudzidzisa uye mabasa.
Saka, zvinokosha kuvabereki - uye kuvanhu - kuita zvose zvinogona kuvhara kutanga kwehutano kunwa. Mitemo nemitemo zvinongoshanda chete kusvikira ikozvino, basa rechokwadi rinotanga mumusha mukati memhuri.
Sources:
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. "Upenyu Hwakaponeswa muna 2008 nekudzivirira kushandiswa uye Mitemo Yemazuva Akasanwa." June 2009.
National Highway Traffic Safety Administration. "Traffic Safety Facts Facts 2008: Young Drivers." 2009.
National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. "Kunwa Kwechiduku: Zviitiko Zvengozi uye Migumisiro." Doro Inobatsira July 1997
Johnston, LD, O'Malley, PM, Bachman, JG, & Schulenberg, JE Kuchengeta Ramangwana rekutsvakurudza kwenyika pamusoro pekushandisa zvinodhaka, 1975-2012. Bhuku I: Vadzidzi vechikoro chesekondari. Bethesda, MD: National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2012.
Shults, Rute, et al. " Kuongororwa Nehuchapupu Pamusoro Pekugadziriswa Kwekuderedza Doro-Kutadza Kutyaira ." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 2001