Kubva kutsvaga kwekutsvakurudza kwakabatsira kuchinja maonero pamusoro pekukosha kwerudo
Harry Harlow aiva mumwe wevashandi vezvepfungwa vekutanga kusayenzi kutsvaga rudo rwevanhu uye rudo. Mukutsvaga kwezviitiko zvinokakavara, Harlow akakwanisa kuratidza kukosha kwekubatanidza kwepakutanga, rudo, uye kusungurudzika kwepfungwa pahupenyu hunobudirira.
A History of Research on Love and Affection
Pakati pehafu yekutanga yezana remakore rechi20, vazhinji vezvepfungwa vakafunga kuti kuratidzira rudo kune vana chaingova chiito chekufunga chakanga chisingabatsiri chinangwa chaicho.
Muitiro wekuita maitiro John B. Watson kamwe akatoenda kusvika pakurayira vabereki, "Kana iwe ukaedzwa kuti ufadze mwana wako, yeuka kuti amai vanoda chimbo chinotyisa."
Maererano nevanofunga vakawanda zvezuva racho, rudo ruchapararira zvirwere uye kutungamirira kumatambudziko evanhu vakuru mupfungwa.
Munguva ino, vanachiremba vepfungwa vakagamuchirwa kuti varatidze munda wavo senyanzvi yakaoma. Sangano rezvemitemo rinotungamira pfungwa dzepfungwa uye rakurudzira vatsvakurudzi kuti vaongorore chete maitiro anocherechedza uye anoenzaniswa.
Mumwe muongorori wepfungwa weAmerica ainzi Harry Harlow , zvakadaro, akava nechido chokudzidza hurukuro yakanga isinganyanyi kuverenga uye kuenzanisa - rudo.
Mune mutsara wemakakatanwa anoitwa mukati mema1960, Harlow akaratidza simba guru rerudo uye kunyanya, kusavapo kwe rudo. Nokuratidza migumisiro inoparadza yekushayiwa kwevana vaduku vehhesus, Harlow yakaratidza kukosha kworudo rwekuchengeta kuchengetedza utano hwakanaka hwehutano.
Maitiro ake aiwanzova asina kunaka uye aityisa, asi akafumura chokwadi chechokwadi chakakonzera zvakanyanya kunzwisisa kwedu kwekukura kwevana.
The Wire Wire Experiment
Harlow akacherechedza kuti kunyanya kutarisirwa kwakave kwakagadzirirwa kuongororwa kwekutsvaga kwe rudo.
"Nemhaka yekushaiwa kwekuedza, mafungiro pamusoro pechikonzero chekuda kworudo akashanduka pakurongeka kwekucherechedza, intuition, nekuziva kushandiswa kwekufungidzira, zvisinei izvi zvakagadzirirwa nevanodzidza nezvepfungwa, masayendisiti, anthropologists, vanachiremba, kana psychoanalysts ," akadaro.
Nzira dzakawanda dzedzidziso dziripo dzorudo dzakakonzerwa nepfungwa yokuti kubatana kwepakutanga pakati peamai nemwana kwaingova nzira yekuti mwana awane zvokudya, kubvisa nyota, uye kudzivisa kurwadziwa. Harlow, zvisinei, aifunga kuti maitiro ekuona maamai nevana akabatanidzwa aiva tsanangudzo isina kukwana.
Chirongwa cheHarlow chinonyanya kuzivikanwa chaisanganisira kupa vana vaduku rhesus chisarudzo pakati pe "vanaamai" vakasiyana. Chimwe chakanga chakagadzirwa nechetete, asi hachina kupa zvokudya. Imwe yacho yakagadzirwa nematare, asi yakapa zvokudya kubva pakabhodha yevana yakanamatira.
Harlow yakabvisa madhongi maduku kubva kumadzimai avo chaiwo maawa mashomanana mushure mekuberekwa ndokubva asiya kuti "vamuke" nevakadzi ava vanozvipira. Kuedza kwakaratidza kuti vana vembongoro vakapedza nguva yakawanda nguva yakawanda neamai vavo vane machira kupfuura amai vavo. Mune mamwe mazwi, mhuru dzecheche dzaienda kumatare chete kuti dzive nezvokudya, asi dzakasarudza kupedza nguva yavo nechisvini, chinyaradzo amai pavakanga vasina kudya.
"Dhawuni idzi dzinoita kuti zvive pachena kuti kutaurirana kunonyaradza kunoshandiswa kwekukosha kukuru mukukudziridza kwechido chekuda, asi kuvigwa kwacho kunoshandiswa kwekukosha kwekusaremekedza," Harlow akatsanangura.
Kutya, kuchengeteka, uye Chibatanidzwa
Mune imwe nzira yakazotevera, Harlow akaratidza kuti mbongoro vaduku vaizoendawo kumudzimai wavo kuti vanyarare uye vakachengeteke. Kushandisa "mamiriro ezvinhu asingazivikanwi" maitiro akafanana neaya akasika nomudzidzi wezvibatanidza Mary Ainsworth , Harlow akabvumira mbongoro vaduku kuti vaongorore imba kana varipo pamberi pekuberekwa kwavo kana amai vasipo. Mbongoro pamberi peamai vavo vaizomushandisa senzvimbo yakachengeteka yekuongorora nzvimbo yacho.
Apo madzimai evanasikana vakabviswa muimba yacho, migumisiro yacho yakanga inoshamisa. Makomana aya akanga asisina nzvimbo yavo yakachengeteka yekutsvaga uye aiwanzoputika, kunyura, dombo, kuchema, uye kuchema.
The Impact of Harlow's Research
Kunyange zvazvo nyanzvi dzakawanda dzenguva dzakaseka kukosha kwerudo rwevabereki uye rudo, Harlow akaedza kupa uchapupu husingarambiki hwokuti rudo rwakakosha pakuvandudzwa kwehutano hwemwana . Zvimwe zviongorori zvakaitwa naHarlow zvakaratidza kuparadzwa kwemazuva mazhinji kwakonzerwa nekushaiwa, zvichiita kuti pave nepfungwa dzakakomba mupfungwa uye mupfungwa uye kunyange rufu.
Basa reHarlow, pamwe nekutsvakurudza kwakakosha kwevanodzidza nezvepfungwa dzepfungwa John Bowlby naMaria Ainsworth, vakabatsira kuchinja kuchinja kukuru kwokuti nherera, masangano ekugamuchirwa, mapoka emagariro evanhu, uye vana vanochengeta vana vanoenda kutarisira vana.
Kunyange zvazvo basa raHarry Harlow raitungamirira mukurumbidza uye rakaunza upfumi hwekutsvakurudza pamusoro porudo, rudo, uye hukama hwevanhu, hupenyu hwake pachake hwakatanga kukurumidza kuitika. Mushure mokunge chirwere chisingagumi chemudzimai wake, akazobatwa nekudhakwa uye kuora mwoyo, pakupedzisira akazoparadzana kubva kuvana vake. Vamwe vashandi vanowanzotsanangurwa kuti anonyengedza, anoreve-aine simba, aisanthropic, chauvinistic, uye ane utsinye. Pasinei nenyonganyonga yakaratidza hupenyu hwake hwehupenyu huripo, Harlow nhaka inogara kwenguva refu yakasimbisa kukosha kwekutsigirwa mupfungwa, rudo, nerudo mukukudziridza vana.
Shoko Rinobva
Basa reHarlow rakanga riri kukakavadzana panguva yake uye rinoramba richikutsoropodza nhasi. Kunyange zvazvo kuongororwa kwakadaro kuripo kune maitiro makuru ekutadza, basa rake rakabatsira kukurudzira kuchinja kwatinofunga pamusoro pevana uye kubudirira uye kubatsira vatsvakurudzi kuti vanzwisise zvose zvakaita uye kukosha kworudo.
> Sources:
> Blum, Deborah. Rudo paGoon Park. New York: Perseus Publishing; 2011.
> Ottaviani, J & Meconis, D. Vana Vanamai: Harry Harlow uye Science of Love. Ann Arbor, MI: GT Labs; 2007.