6 Ongororo Dzakagadzira Psychology
Nhoroondo yepfungwa dzinozara nezvidzidzo zvinonakidza uye zvekare zvepfungwa dzinoongorora zvakatibatsira kuchinja nzira yatinofunga pamusoro pedu nemafambiro evanhu. Dzimwe nguva migumisiro yezviongorori izvi yakanga yakashamisa kwazvo zvokuti yakatsanangurira huchenjeri huripo pamusoro pemafungiro evanhu nezviito. Mune dzimwe nguva, kuedza uku kwaivawo kukakavadzana.
Mimwe mienzaniso inonyanyozivikanwa inosanganisira kuedza kweMilgram yekuteerera uye kuedza kwejeri kwaZimbardo. Ongorora zvimwe zvezvikoro zvekare zvepfungwa kuti udzidze zvakawanda nezvimwe zvekutsvakurudza kunonyanya kuzivikanwa mupfungwa yepfungwa.
1 - VaPavlo's Classical Conditioning Experiments
Pfungwa yeklassical conditioning inodzidziswa nemudzidzi wese wepachikoro chepfungwa, saka zvingashamisika kuziva kuti murume wekutanga akacherechedza ichi chiitiko akanga asiri chiremba wepfungwa zvachose.
Pavlov aive achidzidza kugadzirisa zvirongwa zvembwa paakaona kuti vateereri vake vakatanga kumira apo pavakaona mubatsiri wake. Zvaakakurumidza kuona kuburikidza nekuedza kwake ndezvokuti dzimwe mhinduro dzaigona kugadziriswa nekubatanidza kusati kwamborerekera mune zvematongerwo enyika nechisimba chinowanzoitika uye chinogadzirisa chinogadzirisa mhinduro. Zvidzidzo zvePavlov nembwa dzakagadziridzwa chimiro chechimiro.
2 - Kuongorora kweAsch Maonero
Vatsvakurudzi vave vachida kuziva kuti vanhu vanotevera kana kuti vanopandukira tsika dzevanhu. Munguva ye1950, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Soromoni Asch akaita shanduro dzakawanda dzakagadzirirwa kuratidzira masimba ekufananidza mumapoka. Chidzidzo ichi chakazarura kuti vanhu vanoshamisika kuti vanogona kuenda pamwe neboka, kunyange kana vachiziva kuti boka racho harina kunaka.
Mune zvidzidzo zveAsch, vadzidzi vakaudzwa kuti vari kutora kuongororwa kwemaonero uye vakabvunzwa kuziva kuti ndeipi mitambo mitatu yakanga yakaenzana neyakatarwa. Paakabvunzwa ari oga, vadzidzi vakanga vakarurama chaizvo mukuongorora kwavo. Mune dzimwe mimwe miedzo, vatori vechibvumirano vanoita nemaune vakasarudza mutsara usina kururama. Somugumisiro, vazhinji vevatori vechikamu chaivo vakapa mhinduro yakafanana neyevamwe vadzidzi, vachiratidza kuti kuwirirana kungave sei simba uye rakanganisa simba rehupenyu hwevanhu.
3 - Mhemberero dzeRhesus Monkey
Mune mutsara wemakakatanwa anoitwa muma1960, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Harry Harlow akaratidza simba rakawanda rerudo pane zvakagadzirwa zvakanaka. Nokuratidza migumisiro inoparadza yekushaiwa kwevana vaduku vehhesus, Harlow akaratidza kukosha kworudo rwekuvandudza hutano hwakanaka. Maitiro ake aiwanzova asina kunaka uye aityisa, asi akafumura chokwadi chechokwadi chakakonzera zvakanyanya kunzwisisa kwedu kwekukura kwevana.
Mune imwe shanduro yakakurumbira yeongororo, mbongoro dzecheche dzakaparadzaniswa kubva kuna amai vavo pakarepo mushure mekuberekwa uye dzakapiwa munzvimbo iyo yaive nekwaniso yekutengesa tambo monkey "amai" kana shanduro yemakadzi akavharwa mumucheka wakanyorova . Apo amai vese vakapa zvokudya, amai vacho vakapa zvinyoro zvishoma uye kunyaradza. Harlow akawana kuti kunyange zvazvo mbudzana dzecheche dzaienda kumatare emunda kuti dzive nezvokudya, dzakanyanya kushamwaridzana nekanyoro uye inonyaradza amai vejira. Chidzidzo chacho chakaratidza kuti hutano hwemadzimai hwakange husingagoni kupa zvokudya uye kuti kunyaradza nekuchengeteka kwakaita basa guru pakuumbwa kwezvibatanidzwa .
4 - Skinner's Operant Conditioning Experiments
Skinner akadzidza kuti maitiro angasimbiswa sei kuti adzokorwe kana kuderedzwa kuti adzimiswe. Akagadzira Bhokisi rePoolner apo mhuka, kazhinji inoratidzira, inopihwa chikafu chekudya kana kushamiswa kwemagetsi. Nyore yaizodzidza kuti kudzvinyirira chiyero kunounza chikwata chekudya. Kana, iyo kate ingadzidza kuti isasimudzira sevhisi kana kuita kudaro kuchiendesa kushamiswa kwemagetsi. Zvadaro mhuka inogona kudzidza kushamwaridzana nechiedza kana ruzha nekukwanisa kuwana mubairo kana kudzivisa chirango kuburikidza nekusimudzira chikwata. Uyezve, akadzidza kana kuenderera mberi, kuenzanirana kwehuwandu, nguva yakatarwa, kuenzanirana kwehuwandu, uye kushandiswa kwemazuva akasiyana kwakakonzera kukurumidza kuita kana kudzidza.
5 - Kuongorora kweMirigram yekuteerera
Mukuedza kwaMilgram , vatori vechikamu vakakumbirwa kutumira kushungurudza kwegetsi kune "mudzidzi" pose pose mhinduro isina kururama yakapiwa. Muzvokwadi, mudzidzi wacho chaizvoizvo akabatanidzwa mukuedza uyo akazvinyengera kuti anotya. Chinangwa chekuedza kwaiva kuziva kuti vanhu vari kure vaida kuenda sei kuti vateerere mirairo yemufananidzo wechiremera. Milgram yakawana kuti 65 muzana yevatori vechikamu vaida kupa hurukuro yepamusoro yezvinotyisidzira pasinei nokuti mudzidzi uyu aita seari mukushungurudzika kwakanyanya kana kuti asina kuziva.
Sezvo iwe unogona kunge uchifungidzira, Milgram inoedza zvakare inozivikanwa kuva imwe yenharo inopesana mupfungwa yepfungwa. Vakawanda vatora chikamu vakaona kushungurudzika kukuru nekuda kwekubata kwavo uye mune dzimwe nguva havana kumbobvunzurudzwa pashure pekupedzisira kwekuedza. Kuedza kwakabatanidzwa mukukudziridza mitemo yehutano yekushandiswa kwevanhu vanobatanidzwa mune zvepfungwa dzinoongorora.
6 - Stanford Prison Experiment
Firipi Zimbardo akaedza kuedza kudzidzisa vadzidzi vanogara vachiita basa revasungwa nevarindi vejeri. Kunyange zvazvo chidzidzo chacho chakanga chagadzirirwa kupedza vhiki mbiri, raifanira kumiswa mushure memazuva masere chete nokuti varindi vakavhiringidza uye vasungwa vakatanga kuratidza zviratidzo zvekunyanya kudzvinyirira nekuzvidya mwoyo. Chidzidzo cheZimbardo chakakurumbira chakatumirwa shure kwekushungurudzwa kwaAb Abu Ghraib kwakauya. Nyanzvi dzakawanda dzinofunga kuti mafambiro eboka akadaro anonyanya kuchinjwa nesimba remu mamiriro uye maitiro anotarisirwa akaiswa kune vanhu vanoiswa mumabasa akasiyana.