Vanodzvinyirira vane zvinodhaka zvinodzivisa basa repakati penheyo system (CNS) uye ndeimwe yemishonga inoshandiswa zvikuru munyika yose. Mishonga iyi inoshanda nekubata neuroni muCNS, iyo inotungamirira kuzviratidzo zvakadai sokurara, kuzorora, kunonoka kuderedzwa, anesthesia, hope, coma, uye kunyange rufu. Vakawanda vanodzvinyirirwa vanewo mukana wekuita zvinodhaka.
Kunyange zvazvo CNS vanyanyisa vose vachigovana mano ekuderedza basa mukati mehutachiona hwehurumende uye mashoma ekudzidzira muuropi , kune kusiyana kukuru pakati pezvinhu zviri mukati mechikwata chechirwere ichi. Zvimwe zvakachengeteka kudarika vamwe uye zvakasiyana siyana zvinowanzorongerwa pamishonga yekurapa.
Mhando dzeZvivhiringidzi
Zvinodhaka zvinonzi vakaora mwoyo zvinosanganisira:
- Ethyl alcohol
- Barbiturates
- Benzodiazepines
Ethyl Doro
Doro, inozivikanwa se ethyl alcohol, ndiyo yechipiri inoshandiswa zvikuru mumishonga inoshandiswa mupfungwa mukati mepasi (caffeine inhamba imwe). Kunyange zvazvo doro iri mutemo wepamutemo, iro rinewo zvakakosha zvekushandisa zvisina kunaka. Bhizimusi ra2014 rakaitwa neHuman Substance Abuse uye Mental Health Services Administration rakawana kuti vanenge mamiriyoni makumi matanhatu nemakumi maviri nematanhatu muUnited States vanopfuura makore gumi nematanhatu vanonzi vanonwa doro. Vamwe vanhu vane mamiriyoni gumi nematanhatu vanopfuura makore gumi nematanhatu vanotaura kuti vanodhakwa zvinodhaka.
Doro rinoshandisa uye kushungurudzwa rinewo zvepamusoro zvevanhu.
Maererano neAmerica Psychiatric Association, inenge 50 muzana yezvimwe zvose zvinorwisa, kuurayiwa, uye mugwagwa unofa zvinosanganisira doro (2000).
Barbiturates
Mabhakitiriri , dzimwe nguva anotumidzwa seanoreka, ndiwo mufananidzo weCCS unonyadzisa unokonzera kufara uye kupumha kana uchitorwa mudiki. Pakati pehafu yekutanga yema1900, barbiturates vaionekwa sevanonyanya kuora mwoyo, asi zvinetso zvekudhakwa uye kudarika zvakashata zvakava pachena.
Mabhakitiriri ane simba guru pamagariro ekurara, zvichikonzera kubatwa kwe REM kusingabviri. Nemhaka yekuti zvinogona kukanganisa uye kudarika zvakanyanya zvakanyanya, mabhakitiriri haasati ashandiswa kurapa kushushikana uye zvinetso zvekurara.
Benzodiazepines
Benzodiazepines inhengo yeCCS inodzvinyirira zvakanyanyogadziriswa kuti iite kushushikana nekushaiwa kwehope. Muna 1999, mana benzodiazepine akasiyana-siyana aiva pakati pezvinodhaka zvinotarisirwa zana mumatare eSouth America (Latner, 2000).
Nemhaka yehutachiona hwavo hwakanyanya uye hunobudirira kwazvo, benzodiazepines vave vachishandiswa zvakadai sekurapwa kwenguva pfupi kwezvinetso zvekuzvidya mwoyo uye kusuruvara. Zvisinei, mikana yekuzvidzivirira inoita kuti vasarwaridzwe kwenguva yakareba kurapwa kwezvinhu zvakadai sehuwandu hwekushungurudzika kwepfungwa , mushure mekunetseka mupfungwa , uye kushungurudzika kwevanhu (Julien, 2001).
Benzodiazepines inorara-inducing, sedative, muscle-inofara, uye anticonvulsant migumisiro. Nemhaka yemigumisiro iyi, benzodiazepines yakashandiswa kurapa nyaya dzakawanda dzinosanganisira matambudziko ekurara, kushungurudzika, kushungurudzika zvakanyanya, kushungurudzika kwemasumbu, uye kugumburwa.
Benzodiazepines inowanzoonekwa seyakachengeteka munguva shomanana, asi kushandiswa kwenguva refu kunogona kutungamirira pakuregerera, kuzvidzora, uye kubvisa zviratidzo pakuguma.
Zvinoshungurudza Uses
Vanodzvinyirira vanowanzoshandiswa kuderedza zviratidzo zvinosangana nedambudziko rakasiyana-siyana, kusanganisira:
- Kuzvidya mwoyo, kusanganisira hukama hwemagariro evanhu , kushungurudzika kwekutya , uye kushungurudzika kwepfungwa kukuru
- Obsessive-compulsive disorder
- Kuora mwoyo
- Kunyunyuta
- Kugumburwa
Vanoshungurudzika Vanoshanda Sei?
Vakawanda veCCS vanodzvinyirira vanoita nekuwedzera basa rerourotransmitter inonzi gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). Kungofanana nedzimwe nyanzvi, GABA inotakura mameseji kubva kune imwe sero kuenda kune imwe. Nokuwedzera huwandu hweGABA basa, uropi hwekuita huri kuderedzwa, hunoita kuti uite zvinozorodza. Ichi ndicho chikonzero kutora kuora mwoyo kunogona kukonzera manzwiro ekukwezera.
Sources:
American Psychiatric Association. (2000). Kuongororwa uye nhamba yehuwandu hwehutano hwepfungwa. (4 ed., Text Revision) . Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.
Hedden, SL, Kennet, J., Lipari, R., Medley, G., & Tice, P. (2015). Maitiro ehutano hwehutano muUnited States: Zviwanikwa kubva kuongororo yenyika ya 2014 panyaya yekushandisa zvinodhaka uye utano. Kudhakwa Kwemishonga uye Mental Health Services Association (SAMHSA).
Julien, RM (2001). A primer yekushandisa zvinodhaka. New York: Worth Worth Publishers.
Latner, A. (2000). Idzo mishonga inopfuura 200 ye 1999. Pharmacy Times, 66 , 16-32.
National Institute on Drug Abuse. (2014). Ko zvinokonzera CNS zvinokanganisa sei uropi nemuviri?