Kuenzanisa kwepfungwa ndeyebazi rezvepfungwa rakabatanidzwa nekudzidza kwemhuka. Kutsvakurudza kwemazuva ano pamusoro pemafambiro emhuka kwakatanga nebasa raCharles Darwin neGeorges Romanes uye munda wakakura ukava nenyaya dzakasiyana-siyana. Mazuva ano, biologist, psychologists , anthropologists, ecologists, geneticists, nevamwe vazhinji vanobatsira mukudzidza mhuka dzemhuka.
Kuenzanisa kwepfungwa inowanzoshandisa nzira yekuenzanisa yekudzidza mhuka yemhuka. Nzira iyi inobatanidza inosanganisira kuenzanisa kufanana uye kusiyana pakati pezvipenyu kuwana ruzivo rwehukama hwekushanduka. Nzira iyo inofanirwa nayo inogona kushandiswa kuenzanidza mazuva ano emhuka yemhuka kune zvisikwa zvekare.
Nhoroondo Pfupi Yokufananidza Psychology
Pierre Flourens, mudzidzi waCharles Darwin naGeorge Romanes, vakava vekutanga kushandisa izwi iri mubhuku rake rinonzi Comparative Psychology (Psychologie Comparée ), rakabudiswa muna 1864. Muna 1882, Romanes yakabudisa bhuku rake rinonzi Animal Intelligence raakagadzirira sainzi uye hurongwa hwekuenzanisa mhuka nemafambiro evanhu. Mamwe mafungiro ekuenzanisa anokosha aisanganisira C. Lloyd Morgan naKonrad Lorenz.
Kuvandudzwa kwekuenzanisa kwepfungwa kwakakonzerwawo nekudzidza masayendisiti ezvepfungwa, kusanganisira Ivan Pavlov naEdwin Thorndike uye nevanodzidza pamwe naJohn B.
Watson naBF Skinner .
Sei Uchifanira Kudzidza Maitiro Emhuka?
Saka sei iwe ungave uchida kudzidza kuti mhuka dzinozvibata sei? Kudzidza sei mhuka ipi uye kuenzanisa mhando dzakasiyana-siyana zvinopa ruzivo runobatsira pamusoro pemitemo yevanhu?
Kuwana njere yekushanduka-shanduka. Sangano reBavivial Neuroscience uye Kuenzanisa Psychology , iro riri sangano rechitanhatu reAmerican Psychological Association , rinoratidza kuti kutarisa kufanana nekusiyana pakati pemitemo yevanhu nemhuka kunogonawo kubatsira pakuwana zivo mukuvandudza nekushanduka kwezvinhu.
Kuwedzera ruzivo kuvanhu. Chimwe chinangwa chekudzidza mhuka yemhuka ndeyekuti tariro yekuti izvi zvingave zvichange zvakagadzirwa kuvanhu. Nhoroondo, zvidzidzo zvemhuka zvakashandiswa kuratidza kana mamwe mishonga inogona kunge yakachengeteka uye yakakodzera kuvanhu, zvisinei kuti chirongwa chekuvhiya chinogona kushanda mumunhu, uye kana zvimwe zvidzidzo zvekudzidza zvinogona kubatsira mumakorosi.
Chimbofunga basa rekudzidza nekudzidzira maitiro theorists. Mamiriro ezvinhu aIvan Pavlov aidzidza nembwa akaratidza kuti mhuka dzaigona kudzidziswa kumira pamanzwi echero. Basa iri rakabva ratorwa uye rinoshandiswa pakudzidzisa mamiriro ezvinhu nevanhu. Tsvakurudzo yeBF Skinner nemakonzo njiva yakapa mazano anokosha pamusoro pemabasa ekugadzirisa mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kushandiswa kumamiriro ezvinhu nevanhu.
Kudzidza kukurudzira matanho. Kuenzanirana kwepfungwa kwakagara zvakare kushandiswa kudzidza kudzidza kubudirira. MuKonrad Lorenz anonyatsozivikanwa kuongororwa, akawana kuti mazino uye madaki vane nguva inokosha yekubatsira kwavanofanira kuisa kune chizvarwa chevabereki, chirongwa chinozivikanwa sechinyorwa. Lorenze akatowana kuti aigona kuwana shiri kuti dzive nechepamusoro payo.
Kana mhuka dzisina kukwanisa mukana uyu unokosha, havazove nekubatana nehupenyu huri mberi.
Munguva ye1950, nyanzvi yezvepfungwa Harry Harlow akaita nhungamiro yezvinhu zvinotambudza kushaiwa kwevana. Mucheche rhesus mbongoro dzakaparadzaniswa navanaamai. Mune zvimwe zvakasiyana-siyana zvekuedza, mbongoro vaduku vaizorerwa nematare "vanaamai." Imwe amai vaizofukidzwa mune jira asi imwe iyo inopa zvokudya. Harlow akawana kuti mbongoro dzaizonyanya kutsvaga nyaradzo yemukadzi mucheka pamwe nekudya kweamai.
Muzviitiko zvose zvezviongorori zvake, Harlow akawana kuti kushayikwa kwekutanga kwemukadzi kwakaunza kukanganisa kwakakomba uye kusingadzoreki.
Iyi nyanzvi yakasimwa yakakundikana kusanganisa hukama hwevanhu, husingakwanisi kuumba zvigadziriswe, uye yakashungurudzika mupfungwa. Basa reHarlow rave richishandiswa kuratidza kuti vana vevanhu vanewo firiji yakatsvaga iyo kuti vagadzikane. Kana zvibatanidzwa izvi zvisingaumbwi munguva yemakore ekutanga ehuduku, vanachiremba vepfungwa vanofunga, kukanganisa kwenguva refu mupfungwa kunogona kuguma.
Nheyo Dzai dzechido Mukuenzanisa Pfungwa
Kune zviitiko zvakasiyana zvakasiyana-siyana zvinonyanya kufarira kuenzanirana kwepfungwa dzepfungwa. Dzidziso yekushanduka-shanduka ndeimwe nyaya huru yekufarira, uye kutsvakurudza kunowanzotarisa pamusoro pekuti kushanduka kwezvinhu zvakagadzirisa sei zvakakonzera kune dzimwe mararamiro emuitiro.
Zvimwe zviitiko zvekufarira zvinosanganisira hutano (maitiro ehupi anoita kuti munhu ave nemafambiro), kugadziriswa nekudzidza
Kuenzanisa kwepfungwa dzepfungwa dzimwe nguva zvinotarisa kune unhu humwe humwe hwemhuka hunosanganisira nyaya dzakadai sekugadzirisa munhu, kutamba, kuvaka, kuchengetedza, kudya, nekufamba mafambiro. Mimwe misoro inoenzanirana nevepfungwa dzepfungwa inogona kudzidza inosanganisira maitiro ekubereka, kushandura, mafungiro evanhu, kudzidza, kuziva, kutaurirana, mafungiro, uye zvinokurudzira.
Shoko Rinobva
Kudzidza nezvekuita kwemhuka kunogona kutungamirira kunzwisisiro yakadzika uye yakazara yepfungwa dzevanhu. Kutsvakurudza pamusoro pemafambiro ezvemhuka kwakatungamirira kuzvinhu zvakawanda zvakawanikwa pamusoro pemafambiro evanhu, zvakadai sekutsvakurudza kwaIvan Pavlov pamusoro pezviitiko zvechikoro kana basa raHarry Harlow ne rhesus monkeys. Vadzidzi vezvinyorwa zvesayenzi uye masayendisiti ezvesuzhinji vanogona kubatsirwa nekudzidza kuenzanisa kwepfungwa.
Sources:
Greenbert, G. Comparative psychology uye ethology: Nhoroondo shoma. MuNM Seele (Mupepeti). Encyclopedia of the Sciences of Learning. New York: Springer; 2012.